Compare net yield, entry costs, and payback across Romania, Greece, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Israel, Portugal, Türkiye, Croatia, and Italy — calibrated with Q1 2026 live data.
Banks in Romania, Greece, and Bulgaria typically refuse mortgages on leasehold/concesiune properties. ROI adjusted –15% on yield and resale value.
ICRAL buildings carry elevated seismic risk (often Rs I/II), retrocedat ownership claims, and cadastral gaps. Estimated 68% retrocedat probability for central Bucharest stock. ROI adjusted –8%.
LMI/YPPO listed buildings restrict renovation scope. Net yield –3%; resale appreciation +5% applied.
BCR · BRD · ING · Banca Transilvania · Raiffeisen — all formally refuse Rs I. Cash purchase only. ROI adjusted –25%. Mandatory seismic retrofit cost EUR 18,000–34,000/unit.
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